路德维希·凡·贝多芬 (Ludwig van Beethoven) 1770年12月16日生于德国波恩,1827年3月26日逝世,享年57岁,德国杰出的音乐家,维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一,世界音乐史上最伟大的作曲家之一。
贝多芬的主要作品有降E大调第三交响曲《英雄》、c小调第五交响曲《命运》、F大调第六交响曲《田园》、A大调第七交响曲、d小调第九交响曲《合唱》(《欢乐颂》主旋律)、序曲《爱格蒙特》、《莱奥诺拉》、升c小调第十四钢琴奏鸣曲《月光》、F大调第五小提琴奏鸣曲《春天》、F大调第二浪漫曲。
他的作品对世界音乐的发展有着非常深远的影响,因此被尊称为“乐圣”和“交响乐之王”。
1770年12月17日,贝多芬出生于德国波恩 。贝多芬4岁时会弹奏羽管键琴,并获得音乐神童的美誉;5岁时患上中耳炎;8岁开始登台演出;10岁时,他拜师于普鲁士最著名的音乐教育家聂费。
贝多芬在11岁发表第一首作品《钢琴变奏曲》,正式开始演艺生涯;12岁时经聂费推荐,到瓦尔特斯坦伯爵的宫廷乐队担任管风琴师助手;13岁参加宫廷乐队担任风琴师和古钢琴师。
1781年,贝多芬跟随乐队指挥克里斯蒂安·戈特洛宝·奈弗学习钢琴和作曲,贝多芬还跟弗兰兹·安东·里斯学习小提琴,在新老师的指导下使得贝多芬开始形成自己独特的风格。
1787年,到维也纳后,开始跟随莫扎特、海顿等人学习作曲。之后跟随申克、阿勃列希贝尔格和萨列里等人学习,受到"狂飙运动"的思潮影响。在此期间创作《F小调前奏曲》、两首前奏曲等。
贝多芬三十岁时创作第一部交响曲《英雄交响曲》;《英雄交响曲》标志着贝多芬精神状态的转机,同时也标志着他创作的"英雄年代"的开始。
1792年,创作室内乐管乐八重奏g小调《Wind Octet Op.103》。1784年,创作完成钢琴协奏曲(E大调)。
1795年,创作第一钢琴奏鸣曲g小调《Violin Sonata Op.12No.1》。1795年,创作完成第二钢琴协奏曲(降B大调)。
1796年,创作完成交响曲《第一交响曲(C大调 Op.21)》。1796年,创作完成第一钢琴协奏曲(C大调)。
1800年,创作完成第三钢琴协奏曲(c小调)。1802年,创作完成第二交响曲(D大调 Op.36)。
1804年,创作完成第三交响曲(降E大调 Op.55 “英雄”);同年创作完成小提琴、大提琴、钢琴三重奏(C大调)。1805年,创作完成歌剧《费黛里奥》。
1806年,创作完成第四交响曲(降B大调 Op.60);同年,创作完成第四钢琴协奏曲(G大调);同 年,创作完成小提琴协奏曲(D大调)。
1807年,创作完成第六钢琴协奏曲(D大调)。1808年,创作完成第五交响曲(c小调 Op.67 “命运”),第六交响曲(F大调 Op.68 “田园”)。1809年,创作完成第五钢琴,协奏曲(降E大调)。
1811年,创作完成第七交响曲(A大调 Op.92)。1818一1827年,贝多芬在耳朵失聪、健康情况恶化,精神上受到折磨的情况下,创作《第九交响曲》,1823年创作完成。
1812年,创作完成第八交响曲(F大调 Op.93)。1824年,创作完成第九交响曲(d小调 Op.125 “合唱”);未完成第十交响曲。1813年,创作完成战争交响曲(D大调)
一、家庭
父亲是宫廷唱诗班男高音歌手,母亲是宫廷大厨师的女儿。祖父是波恩宫廷乐团的乐长。在父亲的严格训练下,贝多芬显露出了音乐上的才华,但贝多芬常常遭到父亲的打骂。
1787年,母亲去世。1792年秋天,父亲去世。
二、情感
1796年,听觉日渐衰弱,他对生活的爱和对艺术的执着追求战胜了他个人的苦痛和绝望,苦难变成了他创作力量的源泉,他扼住了命运的喉咙。
1813—1817年贝多芬的创作也暂时呈现颓势;1826年,贝多芬因患上重病未能完成。
1826年12月,贝多芬患重感冒导致肺水肿。
1827年3月26日,贝多芬于维也纳去世。
三、创作风格
贝多芬的作品以富有英雄性、戏剧性和思想性而闻名。正如他自己所说:“音乐应当使人类的精神爆发出火花。”例如他最著名的《第五“命运”交响曲》中的“命运动机”描写了与残酷的命运斗争,并最终获得胜利的信念。
他一共创作了9部交响曲,其中最为人熟知的为《第三“英雄”交响曲》、《第五“命运”交响曲》、《第六“田园”交响曲》和《第九“合唱”交响曲》。
从他的第二奏鸣曲第三乐章开始,贝多芬用谐谑曲代替了海顿和莫扎特使用的小步舞曲。自此奏鸣曲的结构为:第一乐章,戏剧冲突性;第二乐章,抒情或沉思性的慢板,用来表达复杂的内心情感起伏;第三乐章,小步舞曲,贝多芬用谐谑曲替代;第四乐章,回旋曲,热烈、节庆性特征。
在奏鸣曲作品中最著名的是《热情》、《悲怆》、《月光》、《黎明》和《暴风雨》五首。
在贝多芬的晚年,他还写了六首弦乐四重奏,其中代表作为《降B大调弦乐四重奏》。在声乐作品创作方面,有声乐套曲《致远方的爱人》、康塔塔《庄严弥撒》等重要作品。他的最重要的一部歌剧为《费黛里奥》。
贝多芬的作品受十八世纪启蒙运动和德国狂飙突进运动的影响,个性鲜明,较前人有了很大的发展。在音乐表现上,他几乎涉及当时所有的音乐体裁;大大提高了钢琴的表现力,使之获得交响性的戏剧效果;又使交响曲成为直接反映社会变革的重要音乐形式。
贝多芬集古典音乐的大成,同时开辟了浪漫时期音乐的道路,对世界音乐的发展有着举足轻重的作用,被尊称为"乐圣"。
贝多芬的创作构思宽广、形象宏伟、感情深邃、对比鲜明,这使他偏重于采用并扩充奏鸣曲式;同时由于创作的形象丰富多样,运用在各作品中的奏鸣曲式又各有特点。
贝多芬的其它管弦乐作品有《小提琴协奏曲》、五部钢琴协奏曲,两首序曲、钢琴乐队、合唱幻想曲、两首小提琴曲与乐队浪漫曲等。
他的音乐中,从那充满阳光和青春活力的欢乐的背后,往往还是可以感觉得到一种痛苦、忧郁和伤感的情绪。只有贝多芬,他不但愤怒地反对封建制度的专制,而且用他的音乐号召人们为自由和幸福而斗争。
贝多芬除了吸收传统的古典奏鸣曲结构合理的成分外,又在自己的创作中得以更大的创新:
引子的运用
翻阅古典大师的作品,从海顿、莫扎特到库劳、克列门蒂等,他们的作品往往都是开门见山,直叙其意,引子部分往往省略不计。只有贝多芬,他赋予引子以新的意义,就像音乐会序曲或歌剧序曲一样,引子往往作为前言或相对独立部分对所述音乐内容作简略概括,并暗示、启发、过渡、说明等。如《热情》第三乐章1-19小节的引子,《悲怆》第一乐章1-10小节的引子,升F大调奏鸣曲第24钢琴奏鸣曲第一乐章1-4小节的引子等。
四、呈示部的不反复
我们知道,在分析古典奏鸣曲呈示部时,往往都会找第一个反复记号,第一个反复记号之前的全部为呈示部。但在《热情》中,贝多芬却把这个反复记号省略了,这不能不说是贝多芬对“古典框框”的背叛和创新。当然,本曲呈示部的不反复主要还是乐曲内容发展的结果。
连接部、展开部和结束部的充分独立性
贝多芬之前的作品,“展开”只是相对性地展开,往往是“象征性”的,并且“连接”和“结束”更是以一带而过的身份出现在作品中,根本不具备独立性的意义,是以离调或转调乐句、以“桥梁”的身份处于作品次要的位置;有的干脆把展开部省略了。而贝多芬却赋予展开部、连接部和结束部以新的意义,在篇幅和艺术高度上,是前人所不及的。《热情》的第一乐章展开部就有71小节(65-135),连接部占20小节(16-35),结束部占15小节(51-65)。而第三乐章的展开部则有94小节之多(118-211),连接部则占40小节之巨(36-75);并在此乐段中赋予连接部一定的独立性意义和更为强烈的旋律化倾向。
五、尾声
尾声的空前发展不仅表现在篇幅的拉长上,而且更为可贵的是,贝多芬照样给予尾声以相对独立的意义。《热情》的第一乐章尾声占59小节(即204-262),第三乐章尾声占54小节(即308-361)。他往往引用主部、副部的音乐材料,对尾声作混合性发展,并给尾声冠以更具体化的Ad哈。(《热情》第一乐章尾声部分239小节)、presto《热情》第三乐章尾声部分308小节),以及其他的如piuallegro等速度或力度的术语,使尾声成为一个比较完整的四乐句结构的独立段落。
贝多芬曾说:音乐应当使人类的精神爆发出火花。
在交响曲的发展和创新上:将高度浓缩的音乐动机进行扩展,又保持全曲的严谨统一;扩充了展开部,使其成为烘托作品内在的矛盾、动力的张扬和戏剧性冲突的重心;将谐谑曲(Scherzo)引入交响曲的第三乐章,取代了具有宫廷典雅气质的小步舞曲;并将人声加入到交响曲中扩大了作品的表现力。
在钢琴奏鸣曲上:他的32首钢琴奏鸣曲在奏鸣曲结构上做出了重大贡献,同时还在钢琴力度对比、戏剧化因素、不同音区的色彩变化上做出了重大发展,使之成为与巴赫《十二平均律钢琴曲集》齐名、在音乐史上有突出贡献的作品。
在音乐表现上:解放了音乐艺术,表达了他那个时代的精神实质,作品展现了从斗争到胜利,从黑暗到光明,从苦难到欢乐的精神历程。他的旋律继承海顿式动机展开的手法,又吸收莫扎特旋律的深情,而形成简洁、粗犷、质朴、热情的特征。
节奏上频繁的变换、切分和休止所造成的动力性、不平衡感,和声的不谐和因素与调性的不稳定范围的逐渐扩大,力度也形成大幅度起伏,配器上,他重视发挥铜管、木管的作用等等,构成了贝多芬音乐那种强烈的感染力和宏篇巨著的气魄。他音乐中的那种革命性因素,自由冲动的戏剧效果,使他成为古典主义音乐的集大成者,同时,他又是浪漫主义音乐的开路先锋,启发了19世纪的浪漫主义音乐的作曲家。
这是一个被命运玩坏了的,最终耳聋的音乐家,一个用痛苦换来欢乐的英雄。这个表面狂傲的人,在事实却有着鲜为人知的一面。音乐家最重要的器官损坏了,他不敢表露出来,不敢让人知道他的弱点,只好选择离群索居。他没有知音,甚至连朋友都没有。但是,贝多芬接受了现实,承受了上天给予他的痛苦的命运。因此他也成为作者心目中的英雄。(罗曼·罗兰《名人传》)
贝多芬的伟大,决不仅在于身为一个音乐家。他有对于人生的大苦闷与精练的美丽的灵魂,他是心的英雄。他的音乐就是这英雄心的表现。
在贝多芬稍前的时代,欧洲乐坛上的大圣是莫扎特。然而莫扎特的音乐的价值,毕竟止于一种“音的建筑”,即仅因音乐的“美”而有存在的意义而已。至于贝多芬,则更有异彩,他的音乐是他的伟大的灵魂的表征。莫扎特的音乐是感觉的艺术,贝多芬的音乐是灵魂的声响。
贝多芬在音乐史的地位是极其突出的,他不仅是古典主义风格的集大成者,同时又是浪漫主义风格的开创者。作为音乐大师,贝多芬对艺术歌曲同样予以相当程度的关注,他是德国艺术歌曲创造的先驱,毕生作有钢琴伴奏的艺术歌曲六十多首,他的艺术歌曲以极其丰富的表现手法和形式来展现,表达属于全人类的情感。
贝多芬生活在18世纪70年代和19世纪30年代之间,他是古典音乐的忠实实践者,又是浪漫主义的强力开拓者。
贝多芬的音乐集中了前辈音乐大师们艺术创造的成果,站在时代的前列,以新的素质体现了亨德尔音乐的英雄性、巴赫的哲理性,发展了海顿的谐谑性,继承了格鲁克歌剧的戏剧性,以及莫扎特深刻入微的抒情性,从而创立了自己独特的音乐风格。贝多芬通过无比苦难的音乐创作,给全人类带来了无穷的欢乐。他的一部部杰作像一盏盏灯塔一样,为全人类的团结、进步做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
他的钢琴音乐作品则以热情豪放和对比强烈的交响性著称。钢琴奏鸣曲在他的作品中占有重要的地位,不但体现了他个人音乐创作风格的演变,而且预示了钢琴音乐从古典主义进入浪漫主义的过程。
贝多芬一生都经历着坎坷磨难,然而苦难孤寂的生活没有打垮他,他始终坚定地守望着自己的信念,在孤独并失聪的境况下,顽强地遵循着自己艺术的箴言,创造出古典和浪漫主义音乐艺术的巅峰,无人比肩!
他在晚年选择如此私密而富有挑战的音乐体裁,正同他更为大胆的创新步伐和开拓精神相辅相成。为了在自身原有的风格基础上寻求突破,作曲家不惜打破昔日的圆谐与辉煌,将个人创作同整个时代疏离开来。他从巴洛克时期以及更为久远的音乐中汲取营养,并将前卫的音响构思寄予未来。.
Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740-1792), of Flemish origins, and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744-1787). Until relatively recently 16 December was shown in many reference works as Beethoven's 'date of birth', since we know he was baptised on 17 December and children at that time were generally baptised the day after their birth. However modern scholarship declines to rely on such assumptions.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, who worked as a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn, but was also an alcoholic who beat him and unsuccessfully attempted to exhibit him as a child prodigy. However, Beethoven's talent was soon noticed by others. He was given instruction and employment by Christian Gottlob Neefe, as well as financial sponsorship by the Prince-Elector. Beethoven's mother died when he was 17, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he studied with Joseph Haydn and other teachers. He quickly established a reputation as a piano virtuoso, and more slowly as a composer. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he was a freelancer, supporting himself with public performances, sales of his works, and stipends from noblemen who recognized his ability.
Beethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.
In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and about a dozen piano sonatas, including the famous 'Pathétique'.
The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness, and is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. The Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3 – 8), the last three piano concertos and his only violin concerto, six string quartets (Nos. 7 – 11), many piano sonatas (including the 'Moonlight', 'Waldstein', and 'Appassionata'), and Beethoven's only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven ceased to compose in 1826.
The late works are greatly admired for their intellectual depth and their intense, highly personal expression. They include the Ninth Symphony (the 'Choral'), the Missa Solemnis, the last six string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.
Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28 he started to become deaf, a calamity which led him for some time to contemplate suicide. He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women, whom he idealized; he never married. A period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 is thought by some scholars to have been the result of depression, resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. Beethoven quarreled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others, and frequently behaved badly to other people. He moved often from dwelling to dwelling, and had strange personal habits such as wearing filthy clothing while washing compulsively. He often had financial troubles.
It is common for listeners to perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties.
Beethoven was often in poor health, and in 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. His death in the following year is usually attributed to liver disease.
Beethoven is viewed as a transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history. As far as musical form is concerned, he built on the principles of sonata form and motivic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements. The work of Beethoven's Middle period is celebrated for its frequently heroic expression, and the works of his Late period for their intellectual depth.
Personal beliefs and their musical influence
Beethoven was much taken by the ideals of the Enlightenment and by the growing Romanticism in Europe. He initially dedicated his third symphony, the Eroica (Italian for 'heroic'), to Napoleon in the belief that the general would sustain the democratic and republican ideals of the French Revolution, but in 1804 crossed out the dedication as Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear, replacing it with 'to the memory of a great man'. The fourth movement of his Ninth Symphony features an elaborate choral setting of Schiller's ode An die Freude ('To Joy'), an optimistic hymn championing the brotherhood of humanity.
Scholars disagree on Beethoven's religious beliefs and the role they played in his work. For discussion, see Beethoven's religious beliefs.
Beethoven the Romantic?
A continuing controversy surrounding Beethoven is whether he was a Romantic composer. As documented elsewhere, since the meanings of the word 'Romantic' and the definition of the period 'Romanticism' both vary by discipline, Beethoven's inclusion as a member of that movement or period must be looked at in context.
If we consider the Romantic movement as an aesthetic epoch in literature and the arts generally, Beethoven sits squarely in the first half, along with literary Romantics such as the German poets Goethe and Schiller (whose texts both he and the much more straightforwardly Romantic Franz Schubert drew on for songs), and the English poet Percy Shelley. He was also called a Romantic by contemporaries such as Spohr and E.T.A. Hoffman. He is often considered the composer of the first Song Cycle, and was influenced by Romantic folk idioms, for example in his use of the work of Robert Burns. He set dozens of such poems (and arranged folk melodies) for voice, piano, and violin.
If on the other hand we consider the context of musicology, where 'Romanticism' is dated later, the matter is one of considerably greater debate. For some experts Beethoven is not a Romantic, and his being one is 'a myth'; for others he stands as a transitional figure, or an immediate precursor to Romanticism; for others he is the prototypical, or even archetypical, Romantic composer, complete with myth of heroic genius and individuality. The marker buoy of Romanticism has been pushed back and forth several times by scholarship, and remains a subject of intense debate, in no small part because Beethoven is seen as a seminal figure. To those for whom the Enlightenment represents the basis of Modernity, he must therefore be unequivocally a Classicist, while for those who see the Romantic sensibility as a key to later aesthetics (including the aesthetics of our own time), he must be a Romantic. Between these two extremes there are, of course, innumerable gradations.
from:https://www.sin80.com/search/?wd=%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC